Haemochezia: Passage of red blood per rectum (usually due to bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract but occasionally can be due to massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding).Melaena: Passage of black tarry stools.Coffee ground emesis: Vomiting of altered black blood.Haematemesis: Vomiting fresh red blood.Treatment depends on the cause and the severity of the bleeding.īleeding from the gastrointestinal tract can be of the following types: Patients with severe bleeding or hemodynamic disturbance require hospitalization and urgent investigation. It is essential to distinguish between lower gastrointestinal bleeding and brisk upper gastrointestinal bleeding as they can present with similar symptoms. Clinical presentation includes overt bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, rapid or slow, either manifested by hematemesis of fresh (blood-streaked to frankly bloody), old ('coffee ground') vomitus, melena and or as frank blood per rectum.Ĭommon risk factors in the development of GI bleeding include advancing age, previous history of gastrointestinal bleed, chronic constipation, hematologic disorders, anticoagulants medications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The most common causes of UGIB are peptic ulcer disease and esophageal varice while diverticulosis is the most commonly responsible for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as blood loss originating distal to the ligament of Treitz. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is defined as bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract that originates proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Based on the origin of bleeding it can be classified into upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. It can also be called as gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as bleeding from any part of GI tract starting from mouth to anus. Synonyms and keywords: Blood loss from GI tract bloody stool blood in feces PR bleeding gastrointestinal hemorrhage gastrointestinal hemorrhage GI bleeding bright red blood per rectum BRBPR. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. Classification Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Lower gastrointestinal bleedingĮditor-In-Chief: C.
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